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- Demographic factors
- Age more than 30 y
- Female gender (130/1 female/male ratio)
- Greatly increased risk
- Known carrier of breast cancer susceptibility gene
- p53 mutation
- Chromosome 2 short arm mutation
- BRCA-1
- BRCA-2
- Strong family history - two or more first-degree relatives with bilateral or premenopausal breast cancer
- Atypical ductal or lobular hyperplasia or lobular carcinoma in situ
- Ductal carcinoma in situ, risk limited to ipsilateral breast.
- Moderately increased risk
- Family history - one or more relatives with breast cancer, not
bilateral or premenopausal
- Menstrual history -menarche before age 12 y, menopause after
55 y
- Parity -nulliparity or first live birth after age 30
- Radiation -exposure to low-dose ionizing radiation in
childhood or adolescence
- Previous breast cancer -low-grade, node-negative, or
receptor-positive; lobular histology
- Other cancers -colon or endometrial cancer
- Diet -high-fat or high-calorie diet
- Hormonal replacement therapy after menopause, mainly with
estrogen + progesterone.
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